Overview:
The main active chemical in marijuana is THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol). In 1988, it was discovered that the membranes of certain nerve cells contain protein receptors that bind THC. Once securely in place, THC kicks off a series of cellular reactions that ultimately lead to the high that users experience when they smoke marijuana. The short term effects of marijuana use include problems with memory and learning; distorted perception; difficulty in thinking and problem-solving; loss of coordination; and increased heart rate, anxiety, and panic attacks. Scientists have found that whether an individual has positive or negative sensations
after smoking |
Extent of UseNational Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA)t Marijuana remains the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States. There were an estimated 2.4 million people who started using marijuana in 1995. According to data from the 1996 NHSDA, more than 68.6 million Americans (32 percent) 12 years of age and older have tried marijuana at least once in their lifetimes, and almost 18.4 million (8.6 percent) had used marijuana in the past year. In 1985, 56.5 million Americans (29.4 percent) had tried marijuana at least once in their lifetimes, and 26.1 million (13.6 percent) had used marijuana within the past year. |
| Health Hazards Effects of Marijuana on the Brain 
Researchers have found that THC changes the way in which sensory information gets into and is acted on by the hippocampus. This is a component of the brain's limbic system that is crucial for learning, memory, and the integration of sensory experiences with emotions and motivations. Investigations have shown that neurons in the information processing system of the hippocampus and the activity of the nerve fibers are suppressed by THC. In addition, researchers have discovered that learned behaviors, which depend on the hippocampus, also deteriorate. Recent research findings also indicate that long-term use of marijuana produces changes in the brain similar to those seen after long-term use of other major drugs of abuse.
Regardless of the THC content, the amount of tar inhaled by marijuana smokers and the level of carbon monoxide absorbed are three to five times greater than among tobacco smokers. This may be due to the marijuana users inhaling more deeply and holding the smoke in the lungs. Effects on Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Recent findings indicate that smoking marijuana while shooting up cocaine has the
potential to cause Effects of Heavy Marijuana Use on Learning and Social Behavior
Longitudinal research on marijuana use among young people below college age indicates those who used have lower achievement than the non-users, more acceptance of deviant behavior, more delinquent behavior and aggression, greater rebelliousness, poorer relationships with parents, and more associations with delinquent and drug-using friends. Research also shows more anger and more regressive behavior (thumb sucking, temper tantrums) in toddlers whose parents use marijuana than among the toddlers of non-using parents. |
| Effects on Pregnancy
A nursing mother who uses marijuana passes some of the THC to the baby in her breast milk. Research indicates that the use of marijuana by a mother during the first month of breast-feeding can impair the infant's motor development (control of muscle movement). |
| Addictive Potential A drug is addicting if it causes compulsive, often uncontrollable drug craving, seeking, and use, even in the face of negative health and social consequences. Marijuana meets this criterion. More than 120,000 people seek treatment per year for their primary marijuana addiction. In addition, animal studies suggest marijuana causes physical dependence, and some people report withdrawal symptoms. |
| source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication Number 98-4037 |
Marijuana is a green or gray mixture of dried,
shredded flowers and leaves of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. There are over 200
slang terms for marijuana including "pot," "herb," "weed,"
"boom," "Mary Jane," "gangster," and "chronic." It
is usually smoked as a cigarette (called a joint or a nail) or in a pipe or bong. In
recent years, it has appeared in blunts. These are cigars that have been emptied of
tobacco and re-filled with marijuana, often in combination with another drug, such as
crack. Some users also mix marijuana into foods or use it to brew tea.
marijuana can be influenced by heredity. A recent study demonstrated that
identical male twins were more likely than nonidentical male twins to report similar
responses to marijuana use, indicating a genetic basis for their sensations. Identical
twins share all of their genes, and fraternal twins share about half. Environmental
factors such as the availability of marijuana, expectations about how the drug would
affect them, the influence of friends and social contacts, and other factors that would be
different even for identical twins also were found to have an important effect; however,
it also was discovered that the twins' shared or family environment before age 18 had no
detectable influence on their response to marijuana.
Someone who smokes marijuana regularly may have many of the same respiratory problems
that tobacco smokers have. These individuals may have daily cough and phlegm, symptoms of
chronic bronchitis, and more frequent chest colds. Continuing to smoke marijuana can lead
to abnormal functioning of lung tissue injured or destroyed by marijuana smoke.
severe increases in heart rate and blood pressure. In one study,
experienced marijuana and cocaine users were given marijuana alone, cocaine alone, and
then a combination of both. Each drug alone produced cardiovascular effects; when they
were combined, the effects were greater and lasted longer. The heart rate of the subjects
in the study increased 29 beats per minute with marijuana alone and 32 beats per minute
with cocaine alone. When the drugs were given together, the heart rate increased by 49
beats per minute, and the increased rate persisted for a longer time. The drugs were given
with the subjects sitting quietly. In normal circumstances, an individual may smoke
marijuana and inject cocaine and then do something physically stressful that may
significantly increase risks of overload on the cardiovascular system.
A study of college students has shown that critical skills related to attention,
memory, and learning are impaired among people who use marijuana heavily, even after
discontinuing its use for at least 24 hours. Researchers compared 65 "heavy
users," who had smoked marijuana a median of 29 of the past 30 days, and 64
"light users," who had smoked a median of 1 of the past 30 days. After a closely
monitored 19- to 24-hour period of abstinence from marijuana and other illicit drugs and
alcohol, the undergraduates were given several standard tests measuring aspects of
attention, memory, and learning. Compared to the light users, heavy marijuana users made
more errors and had more difficulty sustaining attention, shifting attention to meet the
demands of changes in the environment, and in registering, processing, and using
information. The findings suggest that the greater impairment among heavy users is likely
due to an alteration of brain activity produced by marijuana.
Any
drug of abuse can affect a mother's health during pregnancy, and this is a time when she
should take special care of herself. Drugs of abuse may interfere with proper nutrition
and rest, which can affect good functioning of the immune system. Some studies have found
that babies born to mothers who used marijuana during pregnancy were smaller than those
born to mothers who did not use the drug. In general, smaller babies are more likely to
develop health problems.